What Ancient Greek God’s Celebrations Inspired Baby New Year?
Macedonia
Alternative Names
Makedonski, Slavo-Macedonian, Skopia
Orientation
Identification. The ancient Macedonians were considered non-Greek but are claimed as co-nationals by the modern Greeks. Modern Macedonians are Slavs descended from the peoples who arrived in the Balkans in the sixth and seventh centuries. In that location are six ethnic groups: Miyak, Brsyak, Southern, Struma-Mesta, Macedo-Shop, and Upper Vardar.
Location and Geography. Republic of macedonia is a land-locked nation located in southeastern Europe. The current border runs along mountain chains that separate the republic from Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, and Kosovo and Serbia. Macedonia is slightly larger than the state of Vermont with a total expanse of ix,781 foursquare miles (25,333 square kilometers). The country consists more often than not of mountains separated by apartment river valleys. The capital, Skopje, is the largest metropolis.
Demography. In 1994, the population was i,945,932. The population in that yr was 67 percentage Macedonian, 22 percent Albanian, and 4 percent Turkish, with smaller numbers of Roms (Gypsies), Vlahs (Aromanians), Serbs, Muslims, and others. The number of Macedonians in neighboring states is difficult to determine.
Linguistic Amalgamation. Macedonian is a South Slavic language in the Indo-European family unit whose closest relatives are Bulgarian and Serbian. There is a major east-west dialectal partitioning and about twenty subdivisions. Macedonian evolved in contact with non-Slavic languages such equally Greek, Albanian, Aromanian, and Turkish. During the Ottoman menses, multilingualism was the norm, but today young Macedonian speakers are more likely to know English than the other national languages. Multilingualism is common in urban areas merely is less common in rural areas.
Symbolism. The unsuccessful Saint Elijah'due south 24-hour interval (Ilinden) uprising of 1903 is the organizing metaphor of statehood. The Macedonian Peoples Republic (with Macedonian every bit the official linguistic communication) was established in 1944. The sarcophagus of Gotse Delchev in a church in Skopje is virtually the site of a ceremonial celebration that includes fireworks, picnics, and folk dancing. The national anthem refers to the dominicus of freedom, the struggle for rights, and the heroes of Ilinden. The kickoff flag used subsequently independence, featuring a yellowish 16-pointed symbol in the center of a crimson field, was based on a symbol found at the presumed burial site of Philip of Macedon in Greek Republic of macedonia in 1977. The utilise of this symbol infuriated the Greeks, and in 1995 the Macedonian parliament adopted a flag with a yellow circle with eight rays projecting to the edge of a red field. Other metaphors of community include "Mother Republic of macedonia," "heart of the Balkans," and "oasis of peace."
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Byzantine documents indicate that the Slavs of Macedonia were a singled-out group in the early medieval menses, and Slavic dialects from Macedonia are identifiable from early on Slavic documents. The modernistic national movement emerged in the nineteenth century. Although many Macedonians self-identified as Greeks, Bulgarians, or Serbs, a distinct sense of national identity adult from a sense of linguistic difference from Bulgarian and Serbian. Owing to Greek, Serbian, and Bulgarian territorial claims, Macedonian claims to nationhood were ignored until the end of Earth State of war II, when a Macedonian republic was established within the Yugoslav federation. That republic adopted an independent constitution on 17 November 1991.
Republic of macedonia
National Identity. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the primary source of identity was faith, just the focus shifted to linguistic communication before the end of the century. Every bit the modern Bulgarian and Serbian literary languages took shape, Macedonians attempted to create a literary language based on their speech, merely Macedonian did not receive official recognition until 1944. It is claimed that a Macedonian national identity arose during Globe War II to keep Yugoslavian Macedonia split up from Bulgaria, simply there is documentation that the development of a national identity was indigenous in the nineteenth century.
Indigenous Relations. Ethnic Macedonians live in face-to-face parts of Bulgaria, Hellenic republic, and Albania, and Muslim speakers of Slavic dialects classifiable every bit Macedonian who consider themselves to take a separate ethnicity (Goran) live in Kosovo and Albania. Republic of albania recognizes as Macedonian just the Christians living in its southeast, omitting the Macedonian-speaking Muslim and Christian population of the eastern highlands and the Gorans. In 1999, Bulgaria recognized the independent existence of the Macedonian literary language, just in render Macedonia has renounced support for the Macedonian minority in Bulgaria. Hellenic republic claims to accept no national minorities and thus does non recognize the existence of its Macedonian minority. In Greek European union-funded minority linguistic communication projects, Macedonian has never been included. Within Macedonia, religion is as important an organizing principle as language: Most Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians (Vlahs) are Christian, and most Albanians, Turks, and Rom are Muslim. The national culture is identified with the Macedonian Orthodox Church building, and Macedonian-speaking Muslims are divided among those who cocky-identify equally Macedonians on the footing of language and those who self-identify as Muslims.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Employ of Space
The traditional culture is rural, but today more than threescore percentage of the population is urban, with a quarter of the national residents living in metropolitan Skopje. Traditional architectural influences are Mediterranean, Byzantine, and Ottoman. Mod high-ascension apartment blocks accept a balcony, which frequently is used for storage and apparel drying. A traditional Muslim household has separate rooms for male and female guests, whereas a Christian house has a unmarried room. In older urban neighborhoods, individual single-story rooms open into a central courtyard. Wealthier traditional urban houses have ane or more than upper stories projecting over the street. Urban areas are characterized by a historical centre with an open bazaar. Skopje was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1963. The erstwhile master railroad train station, torn in one-half with its clock stopped at the moment of the quake, was reinforced and left continuing equally a monument to the disaster. Many public monuments commemorate those fallen in Earth War II or Ilinden. Since 1991, many villages have restored or congenital new churches or mosques.
Nutrient and Economy
Food in Daily Life. Breakfast is eaten around nine a.thou. by workers in offices, but earlier past factory workers, and in the field in the country. Dinner is the main repast and is eaten at around two p.1000. Supper is eaten after later the afternoon siesta. Meals are prepared immediately before consumption, although they may include leftovers. Hot nutrient often is immune to cool to room temperature. Breakfast can consist of breadstuff and cheese, sometimes with eggs. Other meals can begin with meze (appetizers) served with rakia (fruit brandy). Edible bean goulash (tavche-gravche) is the national dish, and bread is considered the most basic food. In restaurants, pizza is especially popular. Hotel restaurants are pop venues for banquets, and there are many private restaurants. There are no food taboos other than those associated with religion, but folk beliefs almost food abound.
Food Community at Ceremonial Occasions. Among Christians, a bird is eaten for Christmas, and lamb for Easter. Among Muslims, a lamb is slaughtered for Kurban Bayram. At Christmas Eve dinner it is traditional to serve a block with a coin in information technology. Sweet desserts are associated with religious holidays, New Twelvemonth's Day, births, weddings, and funerals and commemorations. Blaga rakia (hot sugared fruit brandy) is served by the parents of the groom the morn after the wedding ceremony night if the bride is institute to accept been a virgin.
Basic Economy. The traditional economy was agronomical and pastoral. The nation is now industrialized and has been integrated in international merchandise.
State Tenure and Property. Traditionally, land was held in common by the extended family unit, which was patrilocal and was defined patrilineally. After the sectionalization of property, wells and threshing floors oftentimes continued to be used collectively. Each village has a boundary that is the basic level of property division higher up that of the family. During the communist period, individual property rights were restricted.
Commercial Activities. Greenbacks crops include sugar beets, sunflowers, cotton, rice, tobacco, grains, fruits and vegetables, opium poppies, wine, livestock, dairy products, fish, and hardwoods. There is a tourist industry and a traditional crafts industry.
Major Industries. Steel, cement, mining, textiles, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products, and piece of furniture making are the largest industries.
Trade. Exports include food products, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Serbia was the major trading partner earlier the imposition of international sanctions. Other of import major trading partners include the former Yugoslav republics, other Balkan states, and the European Union.
Segmentation of Labor. Labor is primarily based on agriculture, mining, and light industry. There were nigh ane million persons in the labor force in 1998. In 1996, 38.eight percent of the labor forcefulness could not find employment. The minimum age of employment is fifteen years.
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. Differences in the distribution of wealth take increased since 1991, with Roms at the lesser. Other social differences consequence from differences between urban and rural populations. Serbs and Aromanians are well integrated into the economy, while Albanians are underrepresented in the state sector.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Ethnicity is more important than class. Apparel and behavior are likely to follow ethnic lines, although national costumes and articles of clothing accept go less common as a result of increasing urbanization and modernization.
Political Life
Regime. Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy. Macedonia'south unicameral associates of one-hundred twenty seats is chosen the Sobranje. The executive co-operative consists of the President (elected by pop vote) and the Council of Ministers (elected past the majority vote of all the deputies in the Sobranje).
Leadership and Political Officials. Political parties tend to follow indigenous lines and draw their leaders from educated elites. The master exceptions are parties led by old communists, which tend to exist multiethnic. Personal connections are an of import attribute of political life.
Social Problems and Control. The revision of the legal system later the communist period is non consummate. Constabulary brutality can accept on ethnic overtones. Albanians are significantly underrepresented in the upper ranks of the security structure. The lack of independence of the judiciary from the political system is a perceived problem. Breezy social control involves the family, gossip, saving face, and the threat of vengeance. Violent crime is rare.
Armed services Activity. The army is pocket-sized and has outdated equipment, although it is in the process of modernizing, especially since 1999. Republic of macedonia'south security has been guaranteed by international troops since January 1993. The almost of import military activeness is protecting the country'due south borders.
Social Welfare and Change Programs
The state provides social welfare to needy families and grants pensions to retirees.
A minaret overlooks a Macedonian town. 30 percent of Republic of macedonia's population is Muslim.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Republic of macedonia has numerous foreign and domestic nongovernmental organizations. The boundaries between local organizations, cultural associations, and political parties is fluid.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Division of Labor by Gender. Men and women work outside the dwelling house, but women are responsible for nearly domestic labor. In academia, men boss in the sciences and applied science, whereas women are more visible in the humanities.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. In principle, the genders are equal. In practice, men accept higher status, and women are likely to manage the household. Women occupy some positions of power but their representation is non in proportion to their numbers.
Union, Family, and Kinship
Marriage. Traditionally, marriages were arranged past the parents, but today immature people are probable to choose their ain partners. Pregnancy frequently leads to marriage among urban youth, only in the traditional civilization the bride is expected to be a virgin. Traditional marriages usually practise non cross religious lines. Polygyny occasionally occurs among Muslims. Spousal relationship is the norm, and adults who take never been married are rare. Divorce and remarriage are regulated by civil police.
Domestic Unit of measurement. The traditional unit of measurement is the patrilocal extended family consisting of a married couple, their single daughters, and their sons with their own spouses and children. This is becoming increasingly less common in urban areas. Children tend to live with their parents until they are married.
Inheritance. Traditionally, inheritance goes through the male line except for what women accept with them every bit a dowry. Today children inherit equally or by assignment.
Kin Groups. Traditionally, above the level of the family or extended family at that place was the exogamous clan. In rural areas, a clan often constituted a village within a hamlet. The church, however, allows intraclan matrimony afterwards 3 generations.
Socialization
Baby Care. Infants are swaddled and carried, and sleep in cradles. They do not take divide play
Drying tobacco in a Macedonian village. Although the nation is now industrialized, tobacco continues to exist a major cash crop in Macedonia.
spaces. In urban areas, sleeping and playing arrangements depend on the space available.
Child Rearing and Educational activity. Children are looked later on by their mothers, grandmothers, neighbors, or older siblings. Children play freely at an early on age. Boys are expected to exist more active than girls. In urban areas in that location are also nursery schools and kindergartens. Eight-year elementary education is compulsory.
Higher Instruction. Guild places a high value on higher education, only ethnic minorities are under-represented. Approximately 87 percent of those holding university degrees are ethnic Macedonians.
Etiquette
In the traditional civilisation, the young evidence deference to the old. It is normal for male friends to shake hands and for women to kiss when meeting and proverb proficient-bye. A person entering a room where others are seated will milkshake hands with each person. Physical contact among friends of the same gender is considered normal. Although staring at strangers was once common, it became relatively rare in the 1990s. Information technology once was the norm to remove one'south shoes at the entrance of a home, but this exercise is receding amidst urban Christians.
Religion
Religious Beliefs. The major religions are Orthodox Christianity (66 percent) and Islam (thirty percentage), with small groups of Roman Catholics, Protestants, and atheists. Nearly Jews were deported and killed by the Nazis, but a few still live in Macedonia. Belief in the evil middle is widespread, and religious practices in rural areas oft reverberate folk beliefs.
Rituals and Holy Places. Rituals take place at the church building or mosque, at the cemetery, in the hamlet, and at home. The most important holidays are Christmas and Easter for Christians and Ramadan and Kurban Bayram for Muslims. Among the Rom, Saint George's 24-hour interval on 6 May is the major holiday. The Aromanians celebrate 20 May as the Day of the Vlahs, to commemorate the Ottoman recognition of a separate Aromanian church (and therefore millet "nationality") in 1905. Among the customs still skillful are the lighting of bonfires and the singing of special songs on Christmas Eve. Traditionally on the Feast of the Epiphany, a cross is thrown into a major body of water to bless it for the new year's day.
Expiry and the Afterlife. Relatives visit the grave on the third, ninth, and fortieth days after the burial; after six months; and later the get-go year to mourn, give out nutrient, light candles and incense, and pour libations of water or wine. An unmarried young person is cached dressed for a nuptials. Among folk behavior are diverse practices to forbid a corpse from becoming a vampire.
Medicine and Health Intendance
Medicine is modern, only there are besides the traditional folk healers, normally old women, who bargain with mysterious illnesses such every bit warts and maladies acquired by the evil eye.
Secular Celebrations
Official holidays include the New Yr on ane and 2 January, Orthodox Christmas on 7 January, Easter Monday, the International Day of Labor on i and 2
Traditional dress follows ethnic lines merely, due to increasing modernization, it has become less common in contempo years.
May, Saint Elijah'south Day on two August, Macedonian Independence 24-hour interval on 8 September, and the Day of the Uprising of the Macedonian People on 11 October to commemorate Earth War II.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. The arts are supported by the country through the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, institutions of higher learning, and public theaters. Despite its small size, Macedonia boasts thirteen active professional person theater groups that average over xvi hundred total performances per year, a combo orchestra (established in 1944), six bedroom ensembles, and a host of almanac folk music festivals.
Literature. Modern Macedonian literature made its advent during the tardily 1800s with the poetry of the brothers Dimitar and Konstantin Miladinov, whose works are still recited past students. The growing literary collection grounded in the electric current, or codified, standards of the Macedonian language, on the other paw, marks its commencement with the 1939 publication of Kosta Racin's programmatic drove of poems entitled Beli Mugri (White Dawns). While nigh of the distinguished nineteenth and early on twentieth century literary figures were poets, since the end of Earth State of war Ii there has been an increment in the number of prose writers and playwrights.
Graphic Arts. Villagers in Macedonia are known for their weaving of colorful blankets and carpets. Gilded and silversmiths are plentiful in the bazaars of larger cities, and stomnari, or urn-makers, still produce glazed terra cotta utensils such as urns, pitchers, cups, and bowls.
Performance Arts. Since gaining independence, Macedonia has produced a number of promising film directors whose pictures take acquired international recognition and praise. The film Earlier the Rain, for instance, was nominated in 1994 past the American Moving-picture show University for the Best Foreign Language Motion picture Honor. It had already won the Golden Panthera leo award at the Venice Moving-picture show Festival.
The Country of the Physical and Social Sciences
The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded in 1967 at Skopje, has sections of biological and medical sciences and of mathematical and technical sciences. The country also has an Association of the Sciences and Arts, founded in 1960 at Bitola, as well every bit specialized learned societies concerned with physics, pharmacy, geology, medicine, mathematics and computers, veterinary surgery, engineering science, forestry, and agriculture. Macedonia has research institutes dealing with geology, natural history, cotton, animal breeding, tobacco, animal husbandry, and h2o evolution.
The University of Skopje (founded in 1949) has faculties of civil technology, agriculture, veterinary medicine, forestry, medicine, pharmacy, mechanical engineering, electrotechnical applied science, technology and metallurgy, natural and mathematical sciences, stomatology, and geology and mining. Betwixt 1987 and 1997 science and engineering students accounted for 47 percent of university enrollment. During that same period, Macedonia had 1,335 scientists and engineers and 546 technicians per million people engaged in research and evolution. The Natural History Museum of Republic of macedonia (founded 1926) is located in Skopje.
Bibliography
Arbatski, Yuriy. Beathing the Tapan , 1953.
Barker, Elizabeth. Macedonia: Its Place in Balkan Ability Politics ,1950.
Borden, Anthony, and Ibrahim Mehmeti, eds. Reporting Macedonia: The New Accommodation , 1998.
Brailsford, H. N. Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future , 1906.
Brown, Keith S. "Of Meanings and Memories: The National Imagination in Macedonia." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago, 1995.
Byrnes, R. F. ed. Communal Families in the Balkans: The Zadruga , 1976.
Chashule, Vangja ed. From Recognition to Repudiation: Bulgarian Attitudes on the Macedonian Question , 1972.
Danforth, Loring. The Macedonian Conflict: Indigenous Nationalism in a Transnational World , 1995.
Ford, George H. "Networks, Ritual, and 'Vrski': A Study of Urban Adjustment in Republic of macedonia." Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, 1982.
Friedman, Victor A. "Macedonian Language and Nationalism during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Balkanistica 2: 83–98, 1975. (Reprinted in Macedonian Review sixteen (three): 280–292, 1984.)
——. "The Sociolinguistics of Literary Macedonian." International Journal of the Folklore of Language 52: 31–57, 1985.
Hall, Jonathan Grand. Indigenous Identity in Greek Antiquity , 1997.
Ilievski, Petar. "The Position of the Ancient Macedonian Language and the Modern Name Makedonski ." Balkanistika x: 227–240, 1997.
Kramer, Christina. Macedonian: A Course for Beginning and Intermediate Students , 1999.
Lazarov, Risto. This Is the Republic of Macedonia , 1993.
Liebman, Robert. "Wedding ceremony Community in the Ohrid Hamlet of Peshtani." Makedonski Folklor 9–10: 125–240.
Lunt, Horace. "Some Socio-Linguistic Aspects of Macedonian and Bulgarian." In: B. Stolz, I. Titunik, and L. Dolezel, eds., Language and Literary Theory , 1984.
——. "On Macedonian Nationality." Slavic Review 45:729–734, 1986.
Miloslavlevski, Slavko. Fakti za Makedonija , 1996.
Perry, Duncan M. The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements 1893–1903 , 1988.
Poulton, Hugh. Who Are the Macedonians? , 1995.
Radin, A. Michael. IMRO and the Macedonian Question , 1993.
Rossos, Andrew. "The British Foreign Office and Macedonian National Identity 1918–41." Slavic Review 53: 369–394, 1994.
——. "Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece,1943–49." Journal of Modern History 69: 42–76, 1997.
Roudometoff, Victor, ed. The Macedonian Question: Culture, Historiography, Politics , 1999.
Rubin, Barnett, ed. Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeastern Europe: Conflict Prevention in the Southward Balkans , 1996.
Sachs, Nahoma. "Music and Meaning: Musical Symbolism in a Macedonian Hamlet." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Indiana, Bloomington, 1975.
Stardelov, Georgi, Cvetan Grozdanov, and Blazhe Ristevski, eds. Republic of macedonia and Its Relations with Greece , 1993.
Statistical Office of Macedonia. The 1994 Census of Population, Households, Dwellings and Agricultural Holdings in the Republic of macedonia, 1996–1997.
Tomovski, Krum, Galaba Palikrusheva, and Angelina Krsteva, eds. Ethnology of the Macedonians , 1996.
Wilkinson, H. R. Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia , 1951.
—V ICTOR A. F RIEDMAN
Also read commodity about Republic of macedonia from Wikipedia
What Ancient Greek God’s Celebrations Inspired Baby New Year?
Source: https://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Macedonia.html
0 Response to "What Ancient Greek God’s Celebrations Inspired Baby New Year?"
Post a Comment